Most forms of propaganda rely heavily on emotional, rather than rational, appeal. Propaganda is a form of communication that intends to affect people’s beliefs and behaviors rather than merelycommunicate ideas. Lenin’s and later, Stalin’s rule quickly departed from the original socialist and democratic demands of the Russian Revolution, and the SovietUnion devolved into a government-controlled totalitarian state. Trotsky was soon exiled from Russia, allowing Joseph Stalin to take over the Bolshevik party-now calledthe Communist Party-and to redefine Marx’s original socialist ideals. After Lenin’s death inġ924, Leon Trotsky, an important fighter in the early revolution, and Joseph Stalin engaged in a struggle forpower. Lenin argued that these goals could be achieved only if the Provisional Government was replaced andgovernmental power firmly assigned to the Bolsheviks. This precipitated the Russian Civil War that ended in 1921 with the formation of the Soviet Union (USSR).
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They promised a redistribution of land to the peasants and a guarantee of democratic liberties, thuschampioning the socialist ideals formulated by the influential economic philosopher Karl Marx in the late nineteenthcentury.
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The Bolsheviks claimed to represent the needs and interests of Russia’s urban workersand peasants.
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The second stage of the Russian Revolution occurred in October 1917 when the Bolshevik Party, under theleadership of Vladimir Lenin and the workers’ soviets (councils), abruptly terminated the authority of theProvisional Government. AProvisional Government, designed to lead the way toward a Russian republic, was implemented immediately. Without thesupport of either the military or his cabinet members, Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate on March 2, 1917. Workers were soon joined by students, dissenting members of the military, teachers, and other Russian citizens who sympathized with their demands. They demanded food andvociferously articulated their criticism of the government. Failing to implement the reforms he hadpreviously promised, Czar Nicholas helplessly witnessed as, on February 23, 1917, Russian workers left factoriesunattended, abandoned their work stations, and took to the streets in protest. When Russia engaged in World War I, its militarysuffered considerable losses, and additional food shortages ensued. Russian workers began to resent Nicholas for his failure to bring the Russian economy up to the standards ofother European countries.Ĭalls for increased economic opportunity and political equality were fueled by Nicholas’s empty promises forreform and a growing desire for a more democratic society. The growth of urban industries and manufacturing enterprises created a new base of urbanworkers, but these workers were not paid livable wages and worked long hours only to live in dire poverty.
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Poverty was wide-spread among Russia’sworking-class. A conservative ruler, Czar Nicholas, the last of the RomanovDynasty, had long been considered inadequate due to the corruption that pervaded his government and hisinability to comprehend the changing needs of the Russian economy. In February 1917, a popular revolution led to the overthrow of Czar Nicholas II of Russia, who had reigned as theEmperor and Autocrat of Russia since November 1894. The Russian Revolution consisted of two separate revolutions that radically changed the political system and way oflife in early-twentieth-century Russia and culminated in the establishment of the Soviet Union, or the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics (USSR).